Canada · Ontario Curriculum Expectations
Grade 12 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies.
This Grade 12 course explores the histories, cultures, and contemporary realities of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit in Canada. Students will critically analyze the impact of colonialism, the importance of Indigenous rights and self-determination, and the ongoing processes of truth and reconciliation.

01Indigenous Worldviews and Identities
Students explore the diverse spiritual, philosophical, and cultural foundations of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples, emphasizing interconnectedness and holistic perspectives.
Students explore the diverse spiritual and philosophical foundations of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit cultures. Emphasis is placed on interconnectedness and holistic perspectives.
This topic examines the deep, reciprocal relationship between Indigenous peoples and the land. Students analyze how land informs identity, language, and traditional knowledge.
Students investigate the critical role of language in preserving culture and the ongoing efforts to revitalize Indigenous languages across Canada. The topic highlights community-led resurgence movements.

02Colonialism and Historical Impacts
Students critically analyze the historical context and ongoing legacy of colonial policies, including the Indian Act, the treaty-making process, and the residential school system.
Students critically analyze the historical context and ongoing legacy of the Indian Act and the treaty-making process in Canada. The focus is on the shift from nation-to-nation agreements to assimilationist policies.
This topic explores the devastating impacts of the residential school system and the Sixties Scoop on Indigenous families and communities. Students examine the intergenerational trauma caused by these assimilationist policies.
Students highlight the historical and ongoing resistance of Indigenous peoples against colonial policies. The topic focuses on key historical figures, movements, and the enduring resilience of communities.

03Contemporary Issues and Realities
This unit examines the current legal, political, and social struggles for Indigenous rights, environmental justice, and equitable health outcomes in Canada.
This topic examines the legal and political struggles for Indigenous rights and land title in Canada. Students analyze landmark Supreme Court cases and their implications for sovereignty.
Students investigate the conflicts and negotiations between Indigenous communities, governments, and corporations regarding resource extraction on traditional territories. The focus is on environmental stewardship and economic development.
This topic explores the systemic inequalities affecting the health and well-being of Indigenous populations in Canada. Students examine issues such as housing, clean water, and healthcare access.

04Governance and Self-Determination
Students explore traditional governance structures, the modern treaty process, and contemporary pathways to Indigenous self-government and nation-rebuilding.
Students explore the diverse and complex traditional governance structures of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit societies prior to European contact. The topic highlights consensus-building and matriarchal systems.
This topic examines the comprehensive land claims process and the negotiation of modern treaties in Canada. Students analyze the successes and challenges of these agreements in achieving self-determination.
Students investigate contemporary models of Indigenous self-government and the transition away from the Indian Act. The focus is on nation-rebuilding and the exercise of inherent rights.

05Truth, Reconciliation, and the Future
This unit focuses on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the MMIWG inquiry, and the vital role of allyship, art, and innovation in moving forward.
This topic focuses on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and its 94 Calls to Action. Students critically evaluate the progress made and the ongoing responsibilities of all Canadians.
Students examine the systemic causes and impacts of the crisis of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) in Canada. The topic highlights the National Inquiry's findings and Calls for Justice.
This topic celebrates the vibrant contributions of Indigenous artists, musicians, writers, and innovators to Canadian society. Students explore how art and media are used as tools for storytelling, resistance, and cultural resurgence.
Students reflect on the concept of allyship and their personal responsibilities in fostering a more just and equitable society. The topic emphasizes actionable steps towards meaningful reconciliation.