History · Year 7 · Crisis and Change: The 14th Century · Summer Term

Hundred Years' War: Agincourt and Joan of Arc

Examining the Battle of Agincourt, the resurgence of French fortunes, and the role of Joan of Arc.

• National Curriculum Attainment Targets
• KS3: History - The Hundred Years War
• KS3: History - Conflict and Diplomacy

About This Topic

The Hundred Years' War, a protracted conflict between England and France, reached pivotal moments in the early 15th century. The Battle of Agincourt in 1415 stands as a testament to English military prowess, particularly the effectiveness of the longbow against French heavy cavalry. This English victory significantly altered the war's trajectory, leading to English dominance and the Treaty of Troyes, which declared the English king heir to the French throne.

However, French fortunes dramatically reversed with the emergence of Joan of Arc. This peasant girl inspired the French army and populace, leading to crucial victories, most notably the lifting of the Siege of Orléans. Her leadership and conviction revitalized French morale and military efforts, ultimately playing a significant role in pushing back English advances and paving the way for eventual French triumph. Examining these events helps students understand the complex interplay of military strategy, leadership, and national sentiment.

Active learning is particularly beneficial for this topic as it allows students to grapple with the dramatic shifts in power and the human element of war. Role-playing key figures or debating strategic decisions makes the abstract concepts of military campaigns and national identity tangible and memorable.

Key Questions

1. Analyze the factors contributing to the English victory at the Battle of Agincourt.
2. Evaluate the impact of Joan of Arc on the course of the Hundred Years' War.
3. Explain how the war contributed to the development of national identity in England and France.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

Joan of Arc was a magical figure who single-handedly won the war.

What to Teach Instead

While Joan's inspiration was immense, her success was also due to improved French military organization and the existing weaknesses in English supply lines. Discussing her strategic contributions alongside her inspirational role helps students see the multifaceted nature of historical change.

Common Misconception

The Battle of Agincourt was won solely by superior English technology.

What to Teach Instead

The longbow was a key factor, but the English victory at Agincourt was also due to strategic positioning, the muddy terrain that hampered the French cavalry, and effective leadership. Analyzing battle maps and tactical decisions in small groups helps students appreciate the combination of factors.

Active Learning Ideas

Format Name: Agincourt Battlefield Simulation

Students, divided into English archers and French knights, use their knowledge of tactics to 'battle' on a grid. They must consider terrain and weapon effectiveness based on historical accounts.

45 min·Small Groups

Format Name: Joan of Arc's Trial Debate

Assign students roles as Joan of Arc, her accusers, and her defenders. They must research and present arguments based on historical trial records to debate her impact and legitimacy.

50 min·Small Groups

Format Name: Treaty of Troyes Negotiation

In pairs, students represent English and French diplomats. They must negotiate terms for a treaty, considering the power dynamics after Agincourt and the potential for future conflict.

30 min·Pairs

Frequently Asked Questions

What were the main causes of the Hundred Years' War?

The primary causes included dynastic disputes over the French throne, territorial claims by English kings in France, and economic rivalries, particularly over control of Flanders. These underlying tensions fueled the prolonged conflict.

How did Joan of Arc change the course of the war?

Joan of Arc's arrival revitalized French morale and led to critical military victories, such as the relief of Orléans. Her leadership inspired the French people and army, shifting the momentum of the war in favor of France and contributing significantly to their eventual victory.

What was the significance of the Battle of Agincourt for England?

The Battle of Agincourt was a stunning English victory that bolstered national pride and demonstrated the effectiveness of English tactics, particularly the longbow. It led to significant territorial gains for England in France and solidified the claim of the English king to the French throne through the Treaty of Troyes.

How can role-playing activities help students understand the Hundred Years' War?

Role-playing allows students to step into the shoes of historical figures, experiencing the pressures and motivations that drove decisions. Debating treaty terms or simulating battles encourages empathy and a deeper understanding of the strategic, political, and personal stakes involved in the conflict.