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Glycolysis: Substrate-Level Phosphorylation, NAD⁺ Regeneration, and Regulation · Semester 2

Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain, Proton-Motive Force, and Chemiosmosis

Students will understand the concept of sexual reproduction and the role of gametes (sex cells) in passing on genetic information.

Key Questions

  1. Explain the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis, describing how sequential electron transfer through Complexes I, II, III, and IV of the inner mitochondrial membrane drives proton pumping and establishes a proton-motive force harnessed by ATP synthase.
  2. Analyse the experimental evidence from Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis — including reconstitution experiments and the use of chemical uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol — and evaluate how this evidence demonstrated that ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient rather than a high-energy chemical intermediate.
  3. Calculate the theoretical maximum ATP yield from complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule and critique the P/O ratio assumptions underlying this calculation, explaining why measured in vivo yields are lower than theoretical predictions.

MOE Syllabus Outcomes

MOE: Cell Division - MSMOE: Genetic Basis of Variation - MS
Level: JC 1
Subject: Biology
Unit: Glycolysis: Substrate-Level Phosphorylation, NAD⁺ Regeneration, and Regulation
Period: Semester 2

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