History · Year 12 · Edward VI: The Boy King and the Protestant Revolution · Spring Term

The Protectorate of Somerset: Government and Aims

The 'Good Duke's' approach to government, social problems, and war.

• National Curriculum Attainment Targets
• A-Level: History - Edward VI: The Mid-Tudor Crisis
• A-Level: History - The Tudors: England, 1485–1603

About This Topic

The Protectorate of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset (1547-1549), was a period of ambitious but ultimately flawed government. Known as the 'Good Duke' by some for his apparent sympathy for the poor, Somerset faced an impossible combination of economic crisis, religious division, and a failing war in Scotland. This topic examines his use of 'Proclamations' to bypass the Council, his failure to solve the 'enclosure' problem, and his disastrous 'garrisoning' strategy in the North.

For Year 12 students, this is a study in the 'Mid-Tudor Crisis' and the challenges of ruling during a royal minority. It connects to themes of social policy and the evolution of the Protestant Reformation. This topic comes alive when students can physically model the patterns of 'Somerset's failures', analyzing why his 'liberal' intentions often led to social chaos and political isolation.

Key Questions

1. Analyze how effectively Somerset handled the economic crisis and enclosure.
2. Explain why Somerset's policy in Scotland (the garrisoning) failed.
3. Evaluate the extent to which Somerset was a 'liberal' ahead of his time.

Learning Objectives

• Analyze the effectiveness of Somerset's proclamations as a tool of governance during the Protectorate.
• Explain the economic and social factors contributing to the enclosure riots and evaluate Somerset's response.
• Critique the strategic and financial viability of Somerset's Scottish garrison policy.
• Evaluate the extent to which Somerset's social policies reflected a 'liberal' outlook compared to contemporary norms.

Before You Start

The English Reformation and Henry VIII

Why: Students need to understand the religious context and the dissolution of the monasteries, which impacted land ownership and social structures.

The Structure of Tudor Government

Why: Familiarity with the Privy Council and the role of Parliament is necessary to understand Somerset's use of proclamations.

Key Vocabulary

Proclamations	Official public announcements or orders issued by the sovereign or government, used by Somerset to bypass traditional council decisions.
Enclosure	The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms, often leading to the displacement of rural populations and social unrest.
Garrisoning	The deployment of troops in fortified places to defend them, referring to Somerset's strategy of maintaining English forts in Scotland.
Protectorate	The period when the Duke of Somerset governed England as Lord Protector during the minority of Edward VI.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

Somerset was a 'Protestant extremist'.

What to Teach Instead

While he supported reform, his religious policy was actually quite cautious and slow compared to what came later. Active analysis of the 1549 Prayer Book helps students see that Somerset was trying to maintain a degree of national unity rather than imposing a radical revolution.

Common Misconception

Somerset's fall was only because of the 1549 rebellions.

What to Teach Instead

The rebellions were the 'final straw', but he had already lost the support of the Council due to his arrogance and his failure to consult them. Peer discussion of his 'autocratic style' helps students see that his political isolation was a long-term process.

Active Learning Ideas

Inquiry Circle: The Enclosure Commission

In small groups, students analyze Somerset's 1548 commission into illegal enclosure. They must identify why this policy made him popular with the peasants but 'toxic' to the landowning classes who actually ran the government.

45 min·Small Groups

Simulation Game: The Scottish Garrison Debate

Students role-play a council meeting where Somerset defends his policy of building permanent forts (garrisons) in Scotland. They must calculate the cost of these forts and debate whether they are a 'strategic masterstroke' or a 'financial black hole'.

50 min·Small Groups

Think-Pair-Share: The 'Good Duke' Myth

Students analyze contemporary and modern views of Somerset. They discuss in pairs whether he was a 'sincere reformer' who cared for the poor, or an 'arrogant autocrat' who was simply out of his depth.

25 min·Pairs

Real-World Connections

• Historians specializing in Tudor England, like those at the National Archives, analyze government documents and parliamentary records to reconstruct the political and social landscape of the 16th century.
• Urban planners today must balance development needs with the preservation of public spaces and community access, mirroring the challenges Somerset faced with land use and enclosure.
• Military strategists analyze the long-term costs and benefits of occupying foreign territories, a consideration relevant to understanding the failure of Somerset's Scottish policy.

Assessment Ideas

Exit Ticket

Ask students to write two sentences explaining one reason Somerset issued proclamations and one sentence describing a consequence of his enclosure policy.

Discussion Prompt

Pose the question: 'Was Somerset's failure in Scotland primarily due to poor strategy or insurmountable circumstances?' Facilitate a brief class debate, asking students to cite evidence from the lesson.

Quick Check

Provide students with a short primary source excerpt (e.g., a complaint about enclosure). Ask them to identify the social problem described and suggest one action Somerset might have taken, referencing his known policies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why was Somerset called the 'Good Duke'?

Somerset earned this nickname (mostly from later historians) because of his perceived sympathy for the poor. He set up a 'Court of Requests' in his own house to hear the grievances of the common people and he actively campaigned against 'enclosure' (the fencing off of common land), which made him a hero to the peasantry but a villain to the nobility.

What was the 'Garrisoning' strategy in Scotland?

Instead of the 'raid and retreat' tactics of Henry VIII, Somerset tried to build permanent English forts in the Scottish Lowlands to control the country. However, this was incredibly expensive to maintain and it failed to stop the Scots from sending Mary, Queen of Scots, to France, making the whole strategy a costly failure.

How did Somerset rule without the Council?

Somerset frequently bypassed the Regency Council by using 'Royal Proclamations', laws issued directly by the King (or his Protector) without the need for Parliamentary or Council approval. He issued over 70 proclamations in two years, which led to accusations that he was acting like a 'king in all but name' and alienated his fellow councilors.

How can active learning help students understand the Protectorate?

The Protectorate is a study in 'good intentions vs. bad reality'. Active learning strategies, like the 'Enclosure Commission' investigation, help students see the 'class conflict' of the 1540s. By analyzing why Somerset's policies backfired, students realize that in Tudor politics, being 'popular' with the people was often a dangerous liability if it meant losing the support of the ruling elite.