History · Year 12 · Edward VI: The Boy King and the Protestant Revolution · Spring Term

Religious Change under Somerset: 1549 Prayer Book

The initial steps towards Protestant reform under Somerset, including the 1549 Prayer Book.

• National Curriculum Attainment Targets
• A-Level: History - Edward VI: Religious Change
• A-Level: History - The Tudors: England, 1485–1603

About This Topic

The year 1549 was the 'year of many commotions', as England was rocked by two major and very different rebellions. In the West Country, the 'Prayer Book Rebellion' was sparked by the imposition of the new English liturgy, while in Norfolk, 'Kett's Rebellion' was driven by economic grievances over enclosure and local government corruption. This topic examines the causes, course, and brutal suppression of these uprisings, and how they directly led to the downfall of the Duke of Somerset.

For Year 12 students, this is a study in the 'social contract' and the limits of Tudor state power. It connects to themes of religious resistance and economic hardship. This topic comes alive when students can physically model the patterns of 'rebel demands', comparing the religious focus of the West with the social focus of the East to understand the diverse nature of Tudor discontent.

Key Questions

1. Analyze the key changes introduced by the 1549 Book of Common Prayer.
2. Explain the motivations behind Somerset's cautious approach to religious reform.
3. Evaluate the immediate impact of these changes on religious practice in England.

Learning Objectives

• Analyze the specific changes in liturgy and ceremony introduced by the 1549 Book of Common Prayer.
• Explain the theological and political motivations influencing Somerset's moderate approach to the English Reformation.
• Evaluate the immediate reception and impact of the 1549 Prayer Book on parish worship and popular religious sentiment.
• Compare the demands of the Western Rebellion with the stated aims of the 1549 Prayer Book.
• Critique the effectiveness of the 1549 Prayer Book as a tool for religious unification.

Before You Start

Henry VIII and the Break with Rome

Why: Students need to understand the initial motivations for religious change in England and the establishment of the monarch as head of the Church before examining Edward VI's reforms.

The English Reformation: Key Figures and Early Policies

Why: Familiarity with key reformers and the early stages of Protestant influence is necessary to contextualize Somerset's actions and the 1549 Prayer Book.

Key Vocabulary

Book of Common Prayer	The official liturgical book of the Church of England, first published in 1549, standardizing services in English.
Liturgy	The prescribed form or order of public worship, including prayers, readings, and rituals.
Vernacular	The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region; in this context, English instead of Latin.
Iconoclasm	The destruction of religious images and symbols, often occurring during periods of religious upheaval.
Communion	A Christian sacrament, central to worship, involving the sharing of bread and wine; the 1549 Prayer Book altered its form and meaning.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

The 1549 rebellions were a coordinated attempt to overthrow Edward VI.

What to Teach Instead

The two rebellions were completely separate and had very different goals; the Western rebels wanted a return to Catholicism, while Kett's rebels actually supported the King's religious reforms but hated his local officials. Active comparison of the two movements helps students see the 'fragmented' nature of Tudor protest.

Common Misconception

Kett's Rebellion was just a 'riot' about fences.

What to Teach Instead

It was a highly organized movement with its own 'court' and 'government' at Mousehold Heath. Peer discussion of the 'Commonwealth' ideas of the rebels helps students see that they were proposing a sophisticated alternative to the corrupt local government.

Active Learning Ideas

Inquiry Circle: The Rebel Demands

In small groups, students compare the 'Western Articles' with the 'Kett's Demands'. They must identify the primary motivation for each rebellion and discuss why the government found the economic demands of Kett more 'reasonable' than the religious demands of the West.

45 min·Small Groups

Simulation Game: The Council's Dilemma

Students role-play a council meeting in August 1549. They must decide how to split the King's limited troops between the two rebellions and the ongoing war in France, demonstrating the 'strategic nightmare' that Somerset faced.

50 min·Small Groups

Think-Pair-Share: Why did they fail?

Students analyze the suppression of the rebellions. They discuss in pairs whether the rebels failed because of a lack of 'noble leadership' or because the Tudor state was simply too powerful to be toppled by a peasant army.

25 min·Pairs

Real-World Connections

• Historians specializing in Tudor England, such as those at the National Archives, consult original copies of the 1549 Prayer Book to understand the nuances of early Protestant reform and its reception.
• Church of England clergy today still reference the historical development of the Book of Common Prayer, understanding its legacy in shaping contemporary Anglican worship and theological discourse.
• Museum curators at the V&A or the British Museum analyze religious artifacts from the Edwardian era, such as chalices or vestments, to illustrate the tangible changes in church practice brought about by the 1549 reforms.

Assessment Ideas

Exit Ticket

Provide students with a short excerpt from the 1549 Book of Common Prayer. Ask them to identify one specific change from the previous Latin Mass and explain its potential impact on a typical parishioner attending worship.

Discussion Prompt

Pose the question: 'Was the 1549 Prayer Book a radical break or a cautious step in religious reform?' Facilitate a class discussion where students must support their arguments with evidence regarding its content and the context of its introduction.

Quick Check

Present students with a list of religious practices (e.g., praying in Latin, using elaborate vestments, transubstantiation). Ask them to categorize each practice as either largely retained or significantly altered by the 1549 Prayer Book, briefly justifying their choices.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why was the Western Rebellion called the 'Prayer Book Rebellion'?

The rebellion was triggered by the 1549 Act of Uniformity, which replaced the Latin Mass with a new English service. The rebels in Devon and Cornwall famously declared that the new service was 'like a Christmas game' and demanded a return to the old Catholic rituals, showing how deeply the Reformation was resented in some regions.

What were the main grievances of Kett's rebels?

Kett's rebels were primarily concerned with 'enclosure' (the illegal fencing of common land) and the 'rack-renting' practices of local landlords. They also demanded better-quality clergy and more honest local officials, showing a mix of economic frustration and a desire for the 'godly' reform that the government had promised but failed to deliver.

How did the 1549 rebellions lead to Somerset's fall?

The rebellions proved that Somerset's policy of 'sympathy' for the poor had failed to keep order. The other councilors, led by the Earl of Warwick, blamed Somerset's 'weakness' for the chaos and used the crisis as an excuse to arrest him, arguing that a stronger hand was needed to protect the interests of the ruling class.

How can active learning help students understand the 1549 rebellions?

The 1549 rebellions are often taught as two separate 'events' to be memorized. Active learning strategies, like the 'Council's Dilemma' simulation, help students see the rebellions as a single 'existential crisis' for the Tudor state. By having to manage multiple threats at once, students realize why the government reacted with such extreme violence and why Somerset's political position became untenable.