Active learning ideas
Treaties are foundational legal agreements between the Crown and Indigenous nations that define how they will coexist. This topic explores the 'spirit and intent' of historical treaties, contrasting the Indigenous view of sacred, living relationships with the colonial view of land surrenders. Students also analyze the Indian Act of 1876, a piece of Canadian legislation that sought to control almost every aspect of Indigenous life and institutionalize assimilation. This aligns with Ontario's NAC1O goals of understanding the legal frameworks that shape Canada.
Activity 01
Students research a specific treaty (e.g., Treaty 9) and participate in a mock trial where they argue whether the Crown has upheld its 'honour' and obligations. Roles include legal counsel for the First Nation, the Crown, and expert witnesses who testify about oral versus written promises.
What was the original spirit and intent of the treaties?
Activity 02
Set up stations focused on different sections of the Indian Act (e.g., banning of ceremonies, status regulations, reserve systems). Students rotate to analyze how each section targeted Indigenous identity and report back on the intergenerational effects they observe.
How did the Indian Act institutionalize assimilation?
Activity 03
Students reflect on the phrase 'We are all treaty people.' They discuss in pairs what responsibilities non-Indigenous Canadians have under these agreements today, then share one concrete action a 'treaty person' can take to uphold the relationship.
What are the ongoing impacts of these historical agreements and policies?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Treaties were just 'deals' to buy land from Indigenous people.
From an Indigenous perspective, treaties were sacred covenants to share the land and live in peace, not to give it up entirely. Using primary source comparisons of oral histories and written texts helps students see the conflicting interpretations of these agreements.
The Indian Act is a thing of the past.
The Indian Act is still in effect today and continues to govern many aspects of life for First Nations people. A station rotation activity highlighting modern legal challenges helps students realize its ongoing impact on sovereignty and identity.
Methods used in this brief
Pre-Contact Societies and Governance
Exploring the complex social, political, and economic structures of Indigenous societies prior to European contact.
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The Residential School System
Investigating the history, experiences, and intergenerational trauma caused by the Indian Residential School system.
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