Active learning ideas
This topic shifts the focus from colonial oppression to the enduring strength and resistance of Indigenous peoples. Students will explore historical examples of resistance, such as the Northwest Resistance led by Louis Riel, and modern movements like Idle No More. The curriculum celebrates the resilience of communities that have fought to preserve their languages, governance, and land rights despite centuries of pressure to assimilate.
Activity 01
The class works together to build a large wall timeline. Each small group is assigned a specific event (e.g., the 1969 White Paper opposition, the Oka Crisis, the creation of Nunavut) to research and add to the timeline with key facts and images.
How have Indigenous peoples historically resisted assimilation?
Activity 02
Students take on the roles of government officials proposing the White Paper and Indigenous leaders (like Harold Cardinal) writing the 'Red Paper' in response. They must present their arguments for and against the abolition of the Indian Act.
What are key examples of Indigenous resilience in the face of colonialism?
Activity 03
Students look at a modern example of cultural resurgence (e.g., a youth-led language program). They reflect on how this is an act of resistance, discuss with a partner, and then share how 'resilience' differs from just 'surviving.'
How do communities continue to assert their rights today?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Indigenous people were passive victims of colonization.
Indigenous peoples have resisted colonial policies at every turn through legal challenges, protests, cultural preservation, and political organizing. Using a timeline of resistance helps students see this constant agency.
Resistance is always about physical conflict.
Resistance often takes the form of 'quiet' acts like continuing to speak a language in secret, practicing ceremonies underground, or pursuing education to fight within the legal system. Discussing diverse forms of resistance broadens student understanding.
Methods used in this brief
Pre-Contact Societies and Early Treaties
Study the complex societies, trade networks, and governance systems of Indigenous peoples prior to European contact. Analyze the intent and impact of early peace and friendship treaties.
8 methodologies
The Indian Act and Assimilation Policies
Critically examine the Indian Act and its historical and ongoing impacts on First Nations peoples. Understand the legislative tools used by the Canadian state to enforce assimilation.
8 methodologies
Residential Schools and the Sixties Scoop
Investigate the history and devastating intergenerational impacts of the residential school system and the Sixties Scoop. Explore the findings and Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).
8 methodologies