History & Geography · Grade 8 · Creating Canada: 1850–1890 · Term 1

The Road to Confederation: Internal Factors

Students examine the political, economic, and security factors in British North America that necessitated a federal union.

• Ontario Curriculum Expectations
• ON: History: Creating Canada, 1850–1890 - Grade 8

About This Topic

This topic explores the internal pressures within British North America that propelled the colonies toward Confederation in 1867. Students will investigate the persistent political deadlock in the Province of Canada, where the legislative assembly was often paralyzed by the competing interests of its French and English-speaking populations. This governmental gridlock created a strong desire for a new political structure that could function more effectively and address the growing needs of the colonies.

Economic factors also played a crucial role. The colonies faced challenges related to trade, particularly after the repeal of the Corn Laws by Britain, which diminished preferential access to the British market. This spurred a search for new economic opportunities and greater internal market integration. Furthermore, security concerns, including the perceived threat from the United States following the American Civil War and the Fenian raids, highlighted the need for a unified defense strategy and a stronger, more cohesive political entity. These internal 'push' and 'pull' factors combined to create a compelling case for union.

Active learning is particularly beneficial here because it allows students to grapple with the complex interplay of these factors. By simulating debates, analyzing primary source documents from the era, or creating timelines that visually represent the escalating pressures, students can actively construct their understanding of why Confederation became a necessity.

Key Questions

1. Analyze the primary 'push' and 'pull' factors leading to the 1867 union.
2. Explain how political deadlock in the Province of Canada fueled calls for change.
3. Evaluate the role of economic integration in promoting the idea of Confederation.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

Confederation was primarily driven by British pressure.

What to Teach Instead

While Britain supported Confederation, this topic focuses on the internal political, economic, and security issues within British North America that made union a logical and necessary step for the colonies themselves. Analyzing colonial newspapers and legislative debates reveals these internal drivers.

Common Misconception

All colonies were eager for Confederation from the start.

What to Teach Instead

The reality was more complex. Students can discover through role-playing or analyzing primary sources that some colonies, like those in the Maritimes, were initially hesitant due to concerns about economic costs and loss of autonomy. Understanding these differing perspectives is key.

Active Learning Ideas

Formal Debate: The Case for Confederation

Divide students into groups representing different colonies or factions (e.g., Reformers, Conservatives, Maritime interests). Each group researches and argues for or against Confederation based on specific economic, political, or security concerns of their assigned group.

60 min·Small Groups

Primary Source Analysis: Voices of Confederation

Provide students with excerpts from speeches, letters, or newspaper articles from the 1850s and 1860s. Students analyze these sources to identify key arguments for and against union, noting the specific internal factors mentioned.

45 min·Pairs

Timeline of Pressures

Students collaboratively create a visual timeline highlighting key events and developments (e.g., political crises, economic shifts, security incidents) that increased the pressure for Confederation between 1850 and 1867.

50 min·Whole Class

Frequently Asked Questions

What were the main internal political factors leading to Confederation?

The primary political factor was the persistent governmental deadlock in the Province of Canada. This made effective governance difficult and fueled a desire for a new system that could overcome regional divisions and allow for more decisive action on common issues.

How did economic issues push the colonies towards union?

The repeal of the Corn Laws by Britain reduced preferential trade access, prompting colonies to seek new markets and economic stability. Greater internal trade and a larger domestic market were seen as benefits of a unified country, encouraging economic integration.

What role did security concerns play in Confederation?

Fear of American expansionism after the Civil War and the threat of Fenian raids from the United States created a sense of vulnerability. A united British North America was perceived as offering a stronger collective defense and greater security for its citizens.

How does active learning help students understand the 'push' and 'pull' factors of Confederation?

Simulating debates or analyzing primary source documents allows students to actively engage with the arguments and concerns of the time. This hands-on approach helps them grasp the complex interplay of political, economic, and security pressures that made Confederation a compelling proposition for the colonies.