Australia · ACARA Content Descriptions
Year 12 Biology.
Year 12 Biology explores the mechanisms of heredity and the ways in which organisms maintain internal stability and respond to disease. Students analyse DNA, genetic variation, and biotechnological applications, alongside investigating homeostatic mechanisms and the immune system's response to pathogens.
01DNA and the Continuity of Life
This unit focuses on the molecular basis of heredity, including DNA structure, protein synthesis, and the impact of mutations. Students also explore modern biotechnological techniques used to analyse genetic material.
Students explore the molecular structure of DNA and the process of semi-conservative replication. They examine how genetic information is stored and transmitted across generations.
This topic covers transcription and translation in protein synthesis. Students investigate how genes are expressed and regulated in living organisms.
Students analyse the causes and consequences of mutations on genetic variation. They also evaluate the use of biotechnology such as PCR and gel electrophoresis in modern science.
02Heredity and Genetic Variation
Students investigate the transmission of heritable characteristics through meiosis and patterns of inheritance. The unit also covers population genetics and the mechanisms driving evolutionary change.
Students investigate the process of meiosis and its critical role in sexual reproduction. They analyse how crossing over and independent assortment contribute to genetic variation.
This topic focuses on predicting inheritance patterns using Punnett squares and pedigrees. Students explore autosomal, sex-linked, and co-dominant traits.
Students examine how gene pools change over time due to natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. They explore the mechanisms driving microevolution in populations.
03Homeostasis and Regulation
This unit examines how organisms maintain a stable internal environment through homeostatic mechanisms. Students analyse the roles of the endocrine and nervous systems in thermoregulation and osmoregulation.
Students explore the stimulus-response model and negative feedback loops. They investigate how organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external environmental changes.
This topic examines the physiological and behavioural mechanisms used by animals to regulate temperature and water balance. Students analyse specific adaptations in Australian endotherms.
Students compare the endocrine and nervous systems in coordinating physiological responses. They investigate the action of specific hormones and neurotransmitters across synapses.
04Infectious Disease and Immunity
Students explore the causes and transmission of infectious diseases alongside the body's immune responses. The unit concludes with an evaluation of disease control strategies and epidemiological tracking.
Students identify various types of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They analyse modes of disease transmission and the concept of pathogen virulence.
This topic covers the innate and adaptive immune systems in animals. Students investigate the roles of macrophages, B cells, and T cells in defending against pathogenic infection.
Students evaluate strategies for controlling the spread of infectious diseases, including vaccination programs and quarantine. They analyse epidemiological data to track and manage outbreaks.