Active learning ideas
This topic introduces the foundational JTB (Justified True Belief) model, which has served as the standard definition of knowledge since Plato. Students examine the three necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge: a person must believe the proposition, the proposition must be true, and there must be sufficient justification. This is a critical starting point in the H2 Knowledge and Inquiry syllabus as it establishes the vocabulary for all subsequent epistemological discussions.
Activity 01
Small groups are given different 'Gettier-style' scenarios and must identify why the subject has a justified true belief that fails to count as knowledge. They then present their findings to the class to find common themes in these failures.
What distinguishes knowledge from mere belief?
Activity 02
Students are split into teams to debate whether truth is an absolute property of a proposition or if it is relative to cultural or personal frameworks. This helps them distinguish between 'truth' and 'belief' in the JTB triad.
Is justification always necessary for knowledge?
Activity 03
Students independently list three things they 'know' and then pair up to rank the strength of their justifications. They must decide at what point a justification becomes 'sufficient' for the claim to be called knowledge.
How do Gettier cases challenge traditional epistemology?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Believing something very strongly makes it true.
Truth is an external condition independent of the intensity of belief. Peer discussion helps students see that two people can believe opposite things with equal conviction, yet both cannot be true simultaneously.
Justification must be 100% certain to count as knowledge.
Most epistemologists accept 'fallibilism,' where justification can be strong without being infallible. Active modeling of different levels of evidence helps students understand the threshold for 'sufficient' justification.
Methods used in this brief
Sources of Knowledge
An investigation into how we acquire knowledge through perception, reason, memory, and testimony. Students will assess the reliability and inherent limitations of these primary sources.
8 methodologies
Theories of Truth
This topic introduces the correspondence, coherence, and pragmatic theories of truth. Students will apply these theories to different types of claims across various disciplines.
8 methodologies
The Challenge of Skepticism
Students examine philosophical skepticism, from Cartesian doubt to modern brain-in-a-vat scenarios. They will evaluate responses to skepticism and the practical necessity of assuming certain foundational truths.
8 methodologies