HASS · Year 6 · Australia as a Nation · Term 1

The Home Front During WWI

Explore the social and economic changes on the Australian home front during WWI, including conscription debates and women's roles.

• ACARA Content Descriptions
• AC9HASS6K02

About This Topic

World War II and Social Change examines how the second global conflict of the 20th century fundamentally altered Australia. This topic covers the direct threat to the Australian mainland, including the bombing of Darwin and the midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour. It also explores the significant shift in Australia's foreign policy as the nation turned away from Great Britain and toward the United States for protection.

Crucially, students investigate the social transformations at home, such as the massive entry of women into the workforce and the beginnings of a more industrialised economy. This connects to ACARA standards regarding the experiences of Australians in the mid-20th century and the changing nature of global alliances. This topic comes alive when students can physically model the shift in alliances and the changing roles of citizens through role play and collaborative mapping.

Key Questions

1. Evaluate the impact of WWI on the roles and responsibilities of women in Australian society.
2. Analyze the arguments for and against conscription in Australia during WWI.
3. Predict the long-term social consequences of the war on Australian families and communities.

Learning Objectives

• Analyze the social and economic impacts of World War I on Australian families and communities.
• Evaluate the arguments presented by both sides of the conscription debate in Australia during WWI.
• Explain the changing roles and responsibilities of women on the Australian home front during WWI.
• Predict the long-term social consequences of World War I on Australian society, considering shifts in gender roles and community structures.

Before You Start

Australia's Federation and Early Nationhood

Why: Students need a foundational understanding of Australia as a unified nation before exploring how WWI impacted its society and identity.

Causes of World War I

Why: Understanding the global context and reasons for the war is essential for grasping why Australia became involved and the subsequent impact on its home front.

Key Vocabulary

Conscription	The compulsory enlistment of people into state service, typically into the armed forces. In Australia during WWI, this meant forcing men to fight overseas.
Home Front	The term used to describe the civilian population and activities of a nation at war. This includes economic production, social changes, and political debates.
Suffrage	The right to vote in political elections. While Australian women gained federal suffrage earlier, WWI highlighted their contributions and further solidified their place in public life.
Economic Mobilization	The process by which a nation redirects its economy to support a war effort. This involved shifting production from civilian goods to military supplies and managing resources.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

Australia was never actually attacked during WWII.

What to Teach Instead

Darwin was bombed 64 times, and Sydney was attacked by submarines. Using a map of 'War on the Mainland' helps students realise that WWII felt much more immediate to Australians than WWI.

Common Misconception

Women only worked in nursing during the war.

What to Teach Instead

Women worked in munitions factories, on farms, and in the armed forces in non-combat roles. Active sorting of 'War Jobs' helps students see the breadth of the female contribution to the war effort.

Active Learning Ideas

Role Play: The 'Look to America' Speech

Students take on the roles of Prime Minister John Curtin, a British diplomat, and an Australian citizen. They react to Curtin's 1941 announcement that Australia would look to the USA for help, debating the end of the 'British tie'.

45 min·Small Groups

Stations Rotation: Women's War Work

Set up stations for the Australian Women's Land Army, nurses, and factory workers. Students examine primary sources (photos and recruitment posters) to identify how women's lives changed during the war.

60 min·Small Groups

Think-Pair-Share: The Threat at Home

Students look at a map of the bombing of Darwin. They discuss with a partner how they think Australians felt knowing the war had reached their own shores, compared to the distant battles of WWI.

20 min·Pairs

Real-World Connections

• Consider the impact on families when fathers and sons were away fighting. How did this affect household income and responsibilities? Think about women taking on jobs previously held by men, such as in factories or on farms.
• Research the passionate public debates surrounding conscription. Imagine attending a rally in Sydney or Melbourne, hearing speeches from politicians and citizens arguing for or against sending more men to fight overseas.

Assessment Ideas

Discussion Prompt

Pose the question: 'How did the war change what it meant to be a woman in Australia?' Ask students to share specific examples of new roles or responsibilities women took on, and discuss whether these changes were temporary or lasting.

Exit Ticket

On a slip of paper, have students write one argument FOR conscription and one argument AGAINST it. Then, ask them to write one sentence explaining which argument they found more persuasive and why.

Quick Check

Present students with a short primary source quote about life on the home front (e.g., a letter from a woman working in a munitions factory). Ask them to identify the main social or economic change described in the quote and explain its significance.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why did Australia start looking to the USA instead of Britain?

During WWII, Britain was busy defending itself in Europe and could not provide enough protection for Australia in the Pacific. After the fall of Singapore in 1942, Prime Minister John Curtin realised Australia needed the help of the United States to defend against the Japanese advance.

What was the 'Manpower' regulation?

The government introduced 'Manpower' rules that gave them the power to tell people where they had to work. This ensured that essential industries, like farming and making weapons, had enough workers to support the war effort.

How did the war change the Australian economy?

The war forced Australia to become more self-sufficient. Because we couldn't import goods easily, we started manufacturing our own planes, ships, and machinery. This led to a massive growth in our industrial sector that continued after the war ended.

What are the best hands-on strategies for teaching WWII social change?

Simulations that focus on 'The Home Front' are highly effective. For example, a 'rationing' activity where students must plan a week's meals with limited coupons helps them understand the daily sacrifices made by civilians. This active engagement makes the social history of the war tangible and relatable.