Active learning ideas
The late 1980s and 90s marked a turning point in Indian politics, often described through five key developments: the end of Congress dominance, the rise of the 'Mandal' issue, the New Economic Policy, the Ayodhya dispute, and the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. This topic focuses on the 'Era of Coalitions,' where regional parties became 'kingmakers' at the Centre.
Activity 01
Give groups 'seat counts' for different national and regional parties. No one has a majority. They must negotiate a 'Common Minimum Programme' to form a stable government without compromising their core ideologies.
How has coalition politics changed the functioning of the national government?
Activity 02
Students debate whether the New Economic Policy has been a 'boon' for India's growth or a 'bane' for its poor and rural sectors, using data on GDP vs. social inequality.
What was the political fallout of the Mandal Commission recommendations?
Activity 03
Pairs discuss how the reservation for OBCs changed the social composition of India's political leadership. They reflect on the balance between merit and social justice.
How did the New Economic Policy of 1991 reshape Indian politics?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Coalition governments are always weak and unstable.
While some were short-lived, others like the NDA and UPA completed full terms and passed major reforms. A coalition-building simulation helps students see the skill required to maintain political stability.
Economic liberalisation only benefited the rich.
It led to a massive expansion of the middle class and higher growth rates, though it also increased the wealth gap. A structured debate helps students weigh these complex outcomes using evidence.
Methods used in this brief
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