Genetics and Evolution · Autumn Term

Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Traits

Students will explore basic inheritance patterns, understanding that some traits are dominant and others are recessive, using simple examples without Punnett squares.

About This Topic

Throwing for distance and accuracy in athletics involves the complex transfer of power from the ground up through the body. In Year 8, students master the 'kinetic chain', the sequence of 'legs, hips, chest, arms', that ensures maximum force is applied to the shot put, javelin, or discus. They learn that the 'arm' is actually the last part of the throw, and that the real power comes from the large muscles in the legs and core.

This topic meets the KS3 Athletics and Technical Skills standards. It requires students to understand the physics of throwing, including the optimal 'angle of release' and the importance of a strong 'follow-through'. By experimenting with different techniques (like the 'glide' in shot put or the 'withdrawal' in javelin), students find the method that works best for their body type. This unit thrives on collaborative investigations where students measure the impact of different release angles on their total distance.

Active Learning Ideas

Inquiry Circle: The Angle of Release

In groups, students throw a 'training javelin' or ball at three different angles: 20 degrees (low), 45 degrees (medium), and 70 degrees (high). They measure the distance of each and create a simple bar chart to find the 'optimal' angle for distance.

⏱ 30 min·Small Groups

Generate mission

Stations Rotation: The Kinetic Chain Lab

Students move through stations focused on the 'Leg Drive', 'The Hip Turn', and 'The Arm Extension'. At each station, they perform a 'restricted' throw (e.g., throwing while sitting down) to see how much distance they lose when they can't use their whole body.

⏱ 30 min·Small Groups

Generate mission

Think-Pair-Share: Safety First

Before starting, students are given a 'field map' and must identify the three most dangerous areas during a throwing lesson. They pair up to create a 'Safety Code' that everyone must follow, then share it with the class.

⏱ 10 min·Pairs

Generate mission

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

A good throw is all about having strong arms.

What to Teach Instead

The arms are just the 'delivery' mechanism; the power comes from the legs and hips. Using 'standing' vs 'full' throws helps students see that adding a leg drive can increase their distance by several metres. Peer-coaching should focus on the 'hip-turn' rather than the arm-swing.

Common Misconception

The higher you throw the ball, the further it will go.

What to Teach Instead

If you throw too high, the energy is wasted going 'up' rather than 'out'. If you throw too flat, gravity pulls it down too soon. The 'sweet spot' is usually around 35-45 degrees. Hands-on experimentation with 'The Angle of Release' activity helps students find this balance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the 'kinetic chain' in throwing?

The kinetic chain is the sequence of body movements used to generate power. It starts with the legs pushing off the ground, moves through the rotating hips and torso, and finally ends with the arm and hand. If any part of the chain is 'broken' or out of sequence, the throw will lose power.

How do I hold a javelin correctly?

There are three main grips: the 'Finnish' grip, the 'American' grip, and the 'V-grip'. Most beginners use the 'American' grip, where you wrap your fingers around the cord with your thumb and index finger behind the binding. The key is to keep the javelin resting in the palm of your hand, not just your fingers.

How does student-centered learning help with throwing events?

Throwing events can be repetitive. Student-centered investigations, like 'The Kinetic Chain Lab', turn technical practice into a series of experiments. When students 'prove' to themselves that using their legs adds 2 metres to their throw, they are much more likely to focus on that technical detail in the future.

Why is the 'follow-through' important in shot put?

The follow-through ensures that you are applying force to the shot for as long as possible. If you stop your movement as soon as the shot leaves your hand, you are likely 'cutting off' the power. A good follow-through also helps you stay balanced and stay within the throwing circle.

Browse curriculum by country

• Americas
• US
• CA
• MX
• CL
• CO
• BR

• Europe
• UK
• IE
• FR
• DE
• ES
• IT
• NL
• PT
• SE

• Asia & Pacific
• IN
• SG
• AU