Active learning ideas
Data handling is the final step in the research process, where raw information is transformed into meaningful conclusions. Students learn to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data and how to use descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, standard deviation), to summarise their findings.
Activity 01
Students use their own data (e.g., height or number of siblings) to physically arrange themselves into a histogram or bar chart on the classroom floor. Discuss the shape of the distribution (normal vs. skewed).
When is it most appropriate to use the mean, median, or mode?
Activity 02
Provide groups with different sets of data, some with extreme outliers. They must calculate the mean, median, and mode and decide which one provides the most 'honest' summary of the data and why.
What does the standard deviation tell us about a set of data?
Activity 03
Show students various scattergrams representing different correlations (positive, negative, zero). In pairs, they must describe the relationship and suggest a real-world psychological example for each one.
How do researchers interpret scattergrams in correlational analysis?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
The mean is always the best measure of central tendency.
Explain that the mean is sensitive to extreme scores (outliers), which can pull it away from the 'typical' result. Using a dataset with one very high score helps students see how the median can sometimes be a more accurate representation of the group.
A correlation proves that one thing caused another.
This is a classic error. Emphasise that correlation only shows a relationship, not cause and effect. Using 'spurious correlations' (e.g., ice cream sales and shark attacks) helps students remember that a third variable is often at play.
Methods used in this brief
Experimental Methods and Design
An overview of laboratory, field, natural, and quasi-experiments. Students will learn how to formulate hypotheses, identify variables, and select appropriate experimental designs.
8 methodologies
Observation and Self-Report Techniques
Exploring non-experimental methods of data collection. Students will design questionnaires, structure interviews, and plan observational studies while considering ethical guidelines.
8 methodologies