Active learning ideas
This topic focuses on the mechanics of earthquakes and the diagnostic power of seismic waves. Students learn to distinguish between body waves (P and S) and surface waves (L and R), understanding how their different properties allow geologists to probe the Earth's interior and locate seismic events. This is a core component of the Eduqas AS/A-level Geology curriculum, bridging the gap between physics and earth science.
Activity 01
Students are given seismograms from three different stations. They must calculate the P-S time interval, use a travel-time graph to find the distance, and use compasses to triangulate the epicentre on a map.
How do P-waves and S-waves travel through the Earth?
Activity 02
Students are given a scenario of an earthquake hitting two different cities. They must discuss why the magnitude is the same for both but the intensity (Mercalli) differs, then share their factors (building design, rock type) with the class.
How is the epicentre of an earthquake located?
Activity 03
Students stand in a line. To model P-waves, they push the shoulder of the person in front (compression). To model S-waves, they move their arms up and down (transverse). This physically demonstrates why S-waves cannot pass through liquids.
What factors influence earthquake magnitude and intensity?
A few notes on teaching this unit
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
The epicentre and the focus are the same thing.
The focus (hypocentre) is the actual point of rupture underground, while the epicentre is the point directly above it on the surface. Drawing 3D diagrams in small groups helps students visualise this vertical relationship.
A magnitude 7 earthquake is only slightly stronger than a magnitude 6.
Because the Richter scale is logarithmic, a magnitude 7 releases about 32 times more energy than a magnitude 6. Using a visual 'energy bucket' comparison helps students grasp the massive scale of these differences.
Methods used in this brief
The Earth's Interior
Analyse the composition and physical properties of the Earth's crust, mantle, and core. Students will evaluate the evidence from meteorites and seismic data that informs our understanding of the Earth's internal structure.
8 methodologies
Plate Tectonic Theory
Investigate the mechanisms driving plate tectonics, including mantle convection, ridge push, and slab pull. Examine the geological features associated with divergent, convergent, and conservative plate boundaries.
8 methodologies