Canada · Ontario Curriculum Expectations
Grade 12 Biology
This course explores the intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms that sustain life. Students investigate the relationship between metabolic processes, molecular genetics, and homeostatic regulation while evaluating the impact of biotechnology on society and the environment.
Biochemistry and Metabolic Processes
An exploration of the chemical basis of life, focusing on the structure of biological molecules and the energy transformations within cells.
Students examine the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in living organisms.
A study of biological catalysts and the factors that influence the rate of biochemical reactions.
An investigation into the aerobic and anaerobic pathways that extract energy from glucose.
Molecular Genetics
Students delve into the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, protein synthesis, and the regulation of gene expression.
Analyzing the double helix model and the semi-conservative process of genetic copying.
Tracing the flow of information from DNA to RNA to the assembly of functional proteins.
Examining how cells control which genes are expressed and the impact of genetic alterations.
Homeostasis and Internal Regulation
This unit covers the feedback mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment within the human body.
Studying the chemical messengers that coordinate long-term physiological responses.
An analysis of electrochemical signaling and the integration of sensory information.
Investigating how the kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance while removing waste.
Population Dynamics and Ecology
An exploration of how populations interact within ecosystems and the factors influencing growth and decline.
Using mathematical models to predict how populations change over time and space.
Examining symbiosis, competition, and predation within biological communities.
Applying ecological principles to the protection of biodiversity and habitat restoration.
Evolutionary Biology
A deep dive into the mechanisms of evolution and the evidence supporting the common descent of life.
Studying changes in allele frequencies due to selection, drift, and gene flow.
Investigating how new species arise and the patterns of evolution over geological time.
Classifying organisms based on evolutionary relationships using cladograms and molecular data.
Biotechnology and Modern Applications
An analysis of current technologies in genetic engineering and their societal consequences.
Examining techniques such as CRISPR, PCR, and gel electrophoresis.
Evaluating the use of GMOs in food production and the development of personalized medicine.
Discussing the moral and legal implications of biological research and technology.