Geography · 7th Grade · The Geographer's Toolkit · Weeks 1-9

The Five Themes of Geography: Location & Place

Applying the themes of absolute/relative location and the physical/human characteristics of place to global examples.

• Common Core State Standards
• C3: D2.Geo.2.6-8

About This Topic

The Five Themes of Geography were developed by the National Geographic Society and the Association of American Geographers to give students a structured framework for geographic analysis. Location and place form the foundational pair. Location answers "where is it?" in either absolute terms (latitude and longitude coordinates) or relative terms (near the coast, two hours north of the capital). Place answers "what is it like?" describing both the physical characteristics (landforms, climate, soil, vegetation) and the human characteristics (language, architecture, religion, economy, cultural practices) that make a location distinct.

In US 7th grade classrooms, this distinction matters because students routinely conflate the two concepts. New York City has a fixed absolute location: approximately 40.7 degrees north, 74.0 degrees west. Its sense of place -- the density, the cultural diversity, the waterfront skyline, the multilingual neighborhoods -- is dynamic and continuously shaped by human decisions and natural conditions. Grasping this difference helps students understand why places change over time even when their coordinates do not.

Active learning deepens this topic by requiring students to articulate the distinction rather than just recognize it. When students build a sense-of-place description for their own community and compare it with peers, they discover that place is interpreted rather than simply described -- that two people in the same location can experience it very differently. That insight is itself a geographic finding, and structured peer discussion is the most direct path to it.

Key Questions

1. How does the concept of 'place' differ from the concept of 'location'?
2. Analyze how relative location influences a region's economic development.
3. Differentiate between the physical and human characteristics that define a specific place.

Learning Objectives

• Compare and contrast the absolute and relative locations of two major global cities, citing specific geographic features or human settlements.
• Analyze how the physical characteristics of a region, such as climate or landforms, influence its human characteristics, like settlement patterns or economic activities.
• Differentiate between the physical and human characteristics that define a specific place, providing at least two examples for each.
• Explain how a place's relative location has influenced its historical development or economic opportunities, using a specific global example.
• Create a brief description of a familiar place, identifying both its physical and human characteristics.

Before You Start

Introduction to Maps and Globes

Why: Students need a basic understanding of map elements like latitude, longitude, and scale to grasp the concept of absolute location.

Basic Understanding of Continents and Oceans

Why: Familiarity with major landmasses and bodies of water is necessary to understand relative locations on a global scale.

Key Vocabulary

Absolute Location	The precise position of a place on the Earth's surface, usually expressed in latitude and longitude coordinates.
Relative Location	The position of a place in relation to other places or features, described using terms like 'near,' 'north of,' or 'across from'.
Physical Characteristics	The natural features of a place, including landforms, climate, soil, vegetation, and bodies of water.
Human Characteristics	The features of a place that are the result of human activity, such as language, culture, architecture, population density, and economic systems.
Sense of Place	The subjective feelings, emotions, and personal meanings that people associate with a particular location.

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

Location and place mean the same thing in geography.

What to Teach Instead

Location describes where something is as coordinates (absolute) or in relation to other features (relative). Place describes what a location is like, including its physical environment and human characteristics. A location is fixed; the characteristics that define its place identity can change over decades. Active comparison activities help students feel the difference rather than just memorize definitions.

Common Misconception

Absolute location is more useful than relative location.

What to Teach Instead

Neither type is inherently superior because they answer different questions. Absolute location is essential for navigation and precise mapping. Relative location better explains why certain places became trade centers, capitals, or population hubs. Many geographic questions require both types of analysis working together.

Common Misconception

The characteristics of a place are permanent.

What to Teach Instead

Place is dynamic. Political borders shift, cities grow or decline, climate alters vegetation patterns, and migration changes the cultural landscape. Detroit's sense of place in 1960 is dramatically different from today's, though its absolute location is identical. Students benefit from examining the same place at different points in history to see how place identity evolves.

Active Learning Ideas

Think-Pair-Share: Your School's Location vs. Place

Students first look up the absolute location of their school (latitude and longitude) and record it. They then independently list five characteristics that define its sense of place. Pairs compare lists, sort characteristics into physical vs. human categories, and discuss which characteristics would change if the school moved one mile away and which would stay the same.

20 min·Pairs

Gallery Walk: World Places

Stations feature photographs and brief descriptions of contrasting places: a high-altitude Andean village, a coastal megacity, a Great Plains farming town, a Saharan oasis settlement, and a Scandinavian fjord community. Groups identify physical and human characteristics at each station, sort them into location-based vs. place-based attributes, and discuss which characteristics would attract settlers and which would challenge them.

30 min·Small Groups

Jigsaw: Relative Location and Economic Development

Groups each research one historically significant trading city (Venice, Timbuktu, Singapore, Chicago, or New Orleans) with a focus on how relative location explains why it became economically important. Groups report back and the class constructs a generalization about how relative location and economic development connect.

40 min·Small Groups

Role Play: The Place Description Challenge

Students take the role of a journalist writing a 60-second radio segment describing a city using only place characteristics but not the city's name or coordinates. Partners listen and try to identify the city, then give feedback on whether the description used physical and human characteristics accurately and distinctly.

25 min·Pairs

Real-World Connections

• Urban planners use knowledge of relative location to decide where to build new infrastructure, such as highways or public transit lines, considering how it connects to existing cities and economic centers.
• Travel guides and tourism agencies highlight the unique physical and human characteristics of destinations like Kyoto, Japan, emphasizing its ancient temples (physical) and traditional tea ceremonies (human) to attract visitors.
• Real estate developers analyze both absolute and relative location, along with the physical and human characteristics of a site, to determine its market value and potential for development.

Assessment Ideas

Exit Ticket

Provide students with a map showing two cities. Ask them to write one sentence describing the absolute location of City A and one sentence describing the relative location of City B to City A. Then, ask them to list one physical and one human characteristic for City A.

Discussion Prompt

Pose the question: 'How might the relative location of a port city influence its economic development differently than an inland city?' Facilitate a class discussion, encouraging students to use vocabulary like 'trade routes,' 'access to markets,' and 'transportation costs'.

Quick Check

Display images of different places (e.g., a desert, a rainforest, a bustling city). Ask students to write down two physical characteristics and two human characteristics for each place shown. Review responses to check for understanding of the distinction.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between location and place in geography?

Location tells you where something is as a coordinate (absolute) or in relation to other features (relative). Place describes what a location is like through its physical characteristics such as landforms, climate, and vegetation, and its human characteristics such as culture, economy, language, and built environment. Location is a position; place is an identity. The same coordinates can have very different senses of place at different points in history.

What is an example of absolute vs. relative location?

The Statue of Liberty's absolute location is approximately 40.69 degrees north, 74.04 degrees west -- a fixed coordinate that never changes. Its relative location is in New York Harbor, visible from Lower Manhattan, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Relative location descriptions like this explain why the statue was placed there: to greet arriving ships from Europe at a major port of entry.

How do physical and human characteristics define a place?

Physical characteristics include landforms, climate, soil, water bodies, and natural vegetation -- features shaped by geology, weather, and ecology. Human characteristics include language, religion, architecture, land use, economic activity, and cultural traditions -- features shaped by people living there over time. Together, these two sets of characteristics give a place its distinct identity and explain why it differs from neighboring locations.

What are good active learning activities for teaching location and place in 7th grade?

Place description challenges where students describe a location using only characteristics without naming it build deep understanding of the concept. Sense-of-place comparisons between students' own community and unfamiliar places develop analytical vocabulary. Jigsaw activities on relative location and trade routes show how geography explains economic history in ways that memorizing definitions cannot.