The Mathematics of Reactions · Weeks 10-18

Molar Mass and Conversions

Students will calculate molar mass and perform conversions between mass, moles, and number of particles.

About This Topic

This topic traces the long struggle for gender equality, from the Seneca Falls Convention to the ratification of the 19th Amendment and beyond. Students examine the legal evolution of 'Equal Protection' for women, including the impact of Title IX on education and the failed attempt to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). They also learn about the different 'levels of scrutiny' the Supreme Court uses to evaluate discrimination cases.

For 12th graders, this topic highlights how the definition of 'equality' has expanded over time. It connects to modern issues like the gender pay gap and representation in leadership. This topic comes alive when students can physically model the patterns of legal argument by applying 'intermediate scrutiny' to fictional cases of gender-based laws.

Active Learning Ideas

Formal Debate: The ERA Today

Students research the original arguments for and against the Equal Rights Amendment. They debate whether the amendment is still necessary in the 21st century or if existing laws (like the 14th Amendment) provide enough protection.

⏱ 50 min·Small Groups

Generate mission

Inquiry Circle: Title IX Audit

Students research their own school or a local university's compliance with Title IX. They look beyond sports to examine how the law handles issues like STEM education, sexual harassment, and pregnant students' rights.

⏱ 45 min·Small Groups

Generate mission

Think-Pair-Share: Scrutiny Levels

Provide students with three laws: one based on race, one on gender, and one on age. They must discuss why the Court treats these differently (Strict vs. Intermediate vs. Rational Basis) and if they agree with this 'hierarchy' of protection.

⏱ 30 min·Pairs

Generate mission

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

The 19th Amendment gave all women the right to vote in 1920.

What to Teach Instead

While it banned gender-based voting restrictions, many women of color remained disenfranchised due to Jim Crow laws. Peer investigations into the 'Suffrage for Whom?' question help students see the intersectional nature of the movement.

Common Misconception

Title IX is only about women's sports.

What to Teach Instead

It applies to *any* educational program receiving federal funds. Peer-led 'Title IX Fact-Finding' helps students realize it covers everything from admissions to protection against sexual assault on campus.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is 'Intermediate Scrutiny'?

It is the legal standard the Court uses for gender discrimination. To be constitutional, a law must serve an 'important government objective' and be 'substantially related' to achieving it. This is a lower bar than 'Strict Scrutiny' (used for race) but higher than 'Rational Basis' (used for age).

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail?

Despite passing Congress, it failed to get the required 38 states by the 1982 deadline. Opponents, led by Phyllis Schlafly, argued it would take away traditional protections for women, such as the draft exemption and alimony.

How can active learning help students understand gender equality?

Gender roles are often deeply ingrained. Active learning, like a 'Fishbowl Discussion' where students analyze the 'Glass Ceiling' in politics, allows them to hear diverse perspectives. By applying 'Intermediate Scrutiny' to real laws (like male-only draft registration), they learn to think like constitutional lawyers rather than just expressing personal opinions.

What was the significance of Reed v. Reed?

In 1971, this was the first time the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited differential treatment based on sex, marking a major turning point in women's legal rights.

Browse curriculum by country

• Americas
• US
• CA
• MX
• CL
• CO
• BR

• Europe
• UK
• IE
• FR
• DE
• ES
• IT
• NL
• PT
• SE

• Asia & Pacific
• IN
• SG
• AU