Hess's Law and Enthalpies of Formation
Students will use Hess's Law and standard enthalpies of formation to calculate reaction enthalpies.
Key Questions
- Apply Hess's Law to calculate the enthalpy change for multi-step reactions.
- Explain the concept of standard enthalpy of formation and its utility.
- Construct energy diagrams for endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Common Core State Standards
About This Topic
Literature and Resistance examines how authors use poetry and short stories to challenge social structures and advocate for justice. For 12th graders, this topic provides an opportunity to engage with complex figurative language and abstract themes. Students read works by marginalized voices in the target culture, exploring how literature acts as a form of 'quiet resistance' and a way to preserve history, meeting ACTFL Cultures and Connections standards.
Students analyze the use of metaphor, irony, and symbolism in these texts, considering how a single poem can spark a social movement. They also explore the concept of 'censorship' and how authors find creative ways to speak truth to power. This topic is best explored through Socratic seminars and collaborative 'found poetry' projects, where students interact deeply with the text and each other's interpretations.
Active Learning Ideas
Socratic Seminar: The Power of the Pen
Students participate in a student-led discussion about a short story or poem. They must use specific evidence from the text to answer open-ended questions about the author's message and the risks they took to write it.
Collaborative Found Poetry
Groups are given a historical document or news article about a social injustice. They must 'find' words and phrases within the text to create a new poem that expresses resistance and hope, then perform it for the class.
Think-Pair-Share: Metaphors of Resistance
Students identify one central metaphor in a poem (e.g., a bird in a cage). They discuss in pairs what the metaphor represents in the context of the target culture's history and share their interpretation with the class.
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Common MisconceptionResistance literature is always loud and angry.
What to Teach Instead
Many of the most powerful works of resistance are subtle, using irony or domestic themes to critique the status quo. Peer analysis of 'coded' language can help students see the power of subtlety in literature.
Common MisconceptionOld poems aren't relevant to modern social justice movements.
What to Teach Instead
Historical resistance literature often provides the 'vocabulary' for modern movements. Group activities that connect an old poem to a current event can show students the enduring power of these texts.
Suggested Methodologies
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Frequently Asked Questions
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