Introduction to Portraiture: Capturing Likeness
An initial exploration into the proportions of the human face and basic techniques for drawing portraits.
Key Questions
- Explain the anatomical proportions that contribute to a realistic portrait.
- Analyze how subtle changes in facial features can alter a subject's expression.
- Construct a basic portrait demonstrating an understanding of facial symmetry and proportion.
Common Core State Standards
About This Topic
Cellular communication is the process by which cells detect and respond to signals from their environment and other cells. This topic introduces the three stages of cell signaling: reception, transduction, and response. Students learn how ligands bind to specific receptors and trigger a cascade of internal events that can change gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell movement. This is a key part of HS-LS1-2 and HS-LS1-3, as it explains how multicellular organisms coordinate their complex functions.
Cell signaling can be one of the most abstract topics in biology because it involves invisible molecular pathways. Active learning strategies like role-playing and 'signal relay' games help students visualize the step-by-step nature of transduction. By physically acting out a signaling pathway, students better understand how a single signal can be amplified to create a massive cellular response, making the concept of 'cascades' much more intuitive.
Active Learning Ideas
Simulation Game: The Signal Transduction Relay
Students stand in a line representing a signaling pathway. The 'ligand' (a student) gives a secret message to the 'receptor' (the first student), who must then pass a modified version of the message through several 'relay proteins' (other students) until it reaches the 'nucleus' to trigger a specific action.
Inquiry Circle: The Quorum Sensing Game
Students act as bacteria in a colony. They are given 'signal' tokens to pass out only when they are close to others. They must wait until a 'quorum' (a certain number of tokens) is reached before they all perform a coordinated action (like standing up), illustrating how bacteria communicate to act as a group.
Think-Pair-Share: Signaling Failures and Disease
Pairs are given cards describing a disease (like Type II Diabetes or Cancer) caused by a broken signaling pathway. They must identify which stage (reception, transduction, or response) is failing and brainstorm a potential medical 'fix' to present to another pair.
Watch Out for These Misconceptions
Common MisconceptionSignals enter the cell to cause a change.
What to Teach Instead
Most signals (ligands) never actually enter the cell; they just 'knock on the door' by binding to a receptor on the surface. Using a 'doorbell' analogy in a peer-teaching session helps students understand that the receptor is what passes the message inside.
Common MisconceptionOne signal always leads to the same response in every cell.
What to Teach Instead
The same signal (like adrenaline) can cause different responses depending on the cell type (e.g., heart cells beat faster while digestive cells slow down). A sorting activity with different 'response' cards helps students see that the internal machinery of the cell determines the outcome.
Suggested Methodologies
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is a ligand?
How does signal amplification work?
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What happens when cell signaling goes wrong?
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