Singapore · MOE Syllabus Outcomes
Secondary 4 Principles of Accounts.
Principles of Accounts (POA) at Secondary 4 develops students' understanding of accounting as an information system for measuring business performance and communicating financial information. Students will learn to prepare, analyze, and interpret financial statements to make informed business decisions.
01Accounting for Non-Current Assets
Students learn to account for capital and revenue expenditures, calculate depreciation, and record the disposal of non-current assets.
Differentiate between capital and revenue expenditures and understand their impact on financial statements.
Calculate depreciation using straight-line and reducing balance methods, and record the journal entries.
Record the disposal of non-current assets and calculate the gain or loss on sale.
02Accounting for Current Assets and Current Liabilities
Students explore the management and accounting of trade receivables, cash at bank, and accruals and prepayments.
Account for trade receivables, bad debts, and the allowance for impairment of trade receivables.
Prepare a bank reconciliation statement to align the cash book balance with the bank statement balance.
Apply the matching principle to account for accrued and prepaid expenses and incomes.
03Financial Statements of a Sole Proprietor
Students learn to prepare and adjust the Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position for a sole proprietorship.
Prepare the Statement of Comprehensive Income to determine the gross profit and profit for the year.
Prepare the Statement of Financial Position to show the financial state of a business at a specific date.
Incorporate year-end adjustments such as depreciation and accruals into the financial statements.
04Financial Statements of a Limited Company
Students explore the capital structure of limited companies and prepare their specific financial statements.
Understand the components of a limited company's capital, including share capital and retained earnings.
Prepare the Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position for a limited company.
Account for the declaration and payment of dividends and update the retained earnings account.
05Financial Analysis and Decision Making
Students calculate and interpret financial ratios to evaluate business performance and support decision-making.
Calculate and interpret profitability ratios such as gross profit margin and mark-up.
Assess a business's ability to meet short-term obligations using the current ratio and quick ratio.
Evaluate how efficiently a business manages its inventory and trade receivables.
Synthesize financial ratios to evaluate overall business performance and make informed decisions.