Computing · JC 2

Active learning ideas

Cybersecurity Threats and Vulnerabilities

Active learning helps students grasp how the internet physically moves data through networks by making abstract concepts concrete. Physical tasks turn invisible packets, IP addresses, and routing into actions they perform, building lasting mental models of global communication.

• MOE Syllabus Outcomes
• MOE H2 Computing (Syllabus 9569), Section 4: Computer Networks - 4.2 Network Security (Malware, Phishing, and Social Engineering)
• MOE H2 Computing (Syllabus 9569), Section 4: Computer Networks - 4.2 Network Security (Vulnerabilities and Attack Vectors)

• 25–45 min
• Pairs → Whole Class
• 4 activities

Activity 01

• Hot Seat
• 45 min · Small Groups

Role-Play: Packet Routing Journey

Divide class into devices, routers, and packets (students with cards showing data and addresses). Sender devices dispatch packets; routers read addresses and choose paths, calling out decisions. Receivers reassemble and check for order. Debrief on path choices and delays.

How does a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack disrupt services?

Facilitation Tip

In Role-Play: Packet Routing Journey, assign each student a clear role (packet, router, device) and require physical movement between labeled locations to trace the path.

What to look for

Present students with a diagram showing a simplified network with 3-4 routers and 5 devices. Ask them to trace the path of a data packet from Device A to Device E, labeling the IP addresses at each hop and identifying the role of each router in forwarding the packet.

• Apply
• Analyze
• Evaluate
• Social Awareness
• Self-Awareness

Activity 02

• Hot Seat
• 30 min · Pairs

Card Activity: Break and Rebuild Messages

Provide a long message on cards; students cut into packets, add labels, shuffle, and route via peer 'routers.' Receivers sort and reassemble. Discuss efficiency gains and error risks.

What are the psychological principles behind social engineering?

Facilitation Tip

For Card Activity: Break and Rebuild Messages, use different colored cards for headers, data chunks, and sequence numbers so students see how splitting prevents errors.

What to look for

Pose the question: 'Imagine the internet is a postal service. Describe the journey of a letter (data packet) from your home to a friend's home across the country. What are the different 'postal workers' (routers, servers) involved, and what is their specific job?'

• Apply
• Analyze
• Evaluate
• Social Awareness
• Self-Awareness

Activity 03

• Hot Seat
• 25 min · Whole Class

Flowchart Trace: Webpage Request

Project a browser request; class annotates shared flowchart for DNS lookup, packet creation, routing hops, server response. Pairs add failure scenarios like lost packets.

How can organisations mitigate the risk of ransomware?

Facilitation Tip

During Flowchart Trace: Webpage Request, have students draw arrows with explanations at each router to reinforce how addressing guides forwarding decisions.

What to look for

Students write down two key differences between sending a physical letter and sending an email, focusing on how the information is broken down, transmitted, and reassembled.

• Apply
• Analyze
• Evaluate
• Social Awareness
• Self-Awareness

Activity 04

• Hot Seat
• 40 min · Small Groups

Mini Network Build: String Links

Groups connect cups with string as nodes and links, passing encoded messages as packets. Introduce 'router' cups that redirect. Test scalability by adding nodes.

How does a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack disrupt services?

Facilitation Tip

In Mini Network Build: String Links, ensure students label each string segment with a router name and test rerouting by unclipping one link to observe alternative paths.

What to look for

Present students with a diagram showing a simplified network with 3-4 routers and 5 devices. Ask them to trace the path of a data packet from Device A to Device E, labeling the IP addresses at each hop and identifying the role of each router in forwarding the packet.

• Apply
• Analyze
• Evaluate
• Social Awareness
• Self-Awareness

A few notes on teaching this unit

Teach this topic by starting with a physical metaphor students know, like mailing a letter, then immediately shifting to the packet model. Avoid lectures on protocols or layers at this stage, as students need to internalize the basic journey before handling complexity. Research shows that when students act out the process, their understanding of redundancy and addressing improves significantly over abstract descriptions alone.

By the end of these activities, students should explain packet switching with specific terms like IP addresses, routers, and reassembly. They will map a webpage request from device to server and justify why multiple paths ensure reliability, using their own role-play or models as evidence.

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Watch Out for These Misconceptions

• During Role-Play: Packet Routing Journey, watch for students assuming packets travel in a straight line from sender to receiver.

  Prompt them to reroute packets through multiple routers when one link is down, and require them to explain why the new path still delivers the message despite the change.

• During Card Activity: Break and Rebuild Messages, watch for students treating each card as a complete message rather than a numbered chunk.

  Have them reassemble the message in sequence and test what happens if one card is missing or out of order, showing why packets need headers.

• During Mini Network Build: String Links, watch for students connecting devices directly to each other without using routers.

  Ask them to label each string segment as a router and explain how routers sort and forward messages, then rebuild the network accordingly.

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Methods used in this brief

• Hot Seat