Principles of Accounts · JC 2 · Managerial Accounting and Costing · 2.º Período

Relevant Costing for Decision Making

Explores the concept of relevant costs in making short-term decisions such as make-or-buy, accept-or-reject special orders, and dropping a product line.

TL;DR:Investment ratios allow students to evaluate a company from the perspective of a shareholder or potential investor. This topic covers Earnings Per Share (EPS), Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio, and Dividend Yield. In Singapore, where many individuals participate in the stock market, these ratios are essential for making informed investment decisions. Students learn how market price relates to accounting earnings and how to interpret investor sentiment.

• MOE Syllabus Outcomes
• SEAB 9755/6.1
• SEAB 9755/6.2

About This Topic

Investment ratios allow students to evaluate a company from the perspective of a shareholder or potential investor. This topic covers Earnings Per Share (EPS), Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio, and Dividend Yield. In Singapore, where many individuals participate in the stock market, these ratios are essential for making informed investment decisions. Students learn how market price relates to accounting earnings and how to interpret investor sentiment.

The H2 syllabus emphasizes that accounting profit is only one part of the story; market expectations play a huge role in valuation. Students must understand what a high P/E ratio suggests about future growth and what a high dividend yield says about a company's maturity. This topic comes alive when students can physically model the patterns of market behavior through mock stock market simulations and peer analysis.

Key Questions

1. What makes a cost relevant to a specific decision?
2. How do opportunity costs factor into the make-or-buy decision?
3. When should a company accept a special order at a lower price?

Watch Out for These Misconceptions

Common Misconception

A low P/E ratio always means a stock is a 'bargain'.

What to Teach Instead

A low P/E could also mean the market expects the company's profits to decline in the future. Peer discussion of 'value traps' helps students understand that ratios must be interpreted alongside qualitative factors and industry trends.

Common Misconception

Earnings Per Share (EPS) is the same as the dividend paid per share.

What to Teach Instead

EPS is the total profit attributable to each share, while the dividend is only the portion of that profit actually paid out to shareholders. Using a 'profit pie' visual helps students see that some earnings are kept as retained earnings for future growth.

Active Learning Ideas

Simulation Game

The Mock Portfolio

Students are given a virtual budget to 'invest' in three SGX-listed companies. They must calculate the P/E ratios and dividend yields for their choices and justify their portfolio strategy based on these investment ratios.

60 min·Individual

Think-Pair-Share

The P/E Ratio Puzzle

Students are shown two companies: one with a P/E of 10 and another with a P/E of 30. They individually brainstorm why the market might value the second company more highly, then pair up to share their theories on growth expectations.

20 min·Pairs

Inquiry Circle

Dividend Policy Analysis

Groups compare the dividend yields of a 'Growth' stock (like a tech firm) and a 'Value' stock (like a REIT). They discuss why different types of investors might prefer one over the other and present their findings.

45 min·Small Groups

Frequently Asked Questions

How is the Price-Earnings (P/E) ratio calculated?

The P/E ratio is calculated by dividing the current market price per share by the Earnings Per Share (EPS). It indicates how much investors are willing to pay for every dollar of profit the company generates.

What does a high dividend yield tell an investor?

A high dividend yield suggests that the company is returning a significant amount of cash to its shareholders relative to its stock price. This is often characteristic of mature, stable companies with limited opportunities for high-growth reinvestment.

Why might a company's EPS increase while its profit stays the same?

This can happen if the company buys back its own shares, reducing the total number of shares outstanding. Since the same profit is now divided among fewer shares, the EPS increases.

What are the best hands-on strategies for teaching investment ratios?

Using live data from financial news sites like Bloomberg or Yahoo Finance is the best approach. Having students track a specific stock over a week and calculate how its ratios change with the market price makes the concepts immediate and relevant.