India · CBSE Learning Outcomes
Class 12 Economics
This course explores the dual pillars of modern economic theory and the historical trajectory of the Indian economy. Students analyze aggregate market behaviors through macroeconomics while evaluating the policies that have shaped India from colonial times to the present era of globalization.
National Income Accounting and Aggregate Measures
An exploration of how a nation measures its total economic output and the circular flow of income across different sectors.
Understanding the continuous movement of money and goods between households, firms, and the government in a two-sector and three-sector model.
Analyzing Gross Domestic Product as a measure of economic health and its limitations in reflecting human well-being.
Money, Banking, and Monetary Policy
A study of the financial infrastructure that facilitates exchange and the role of the Central Bank in managing economic stability.
Tracing the transition from barter systems to modern fiat and digital currencies.
Examining the tools used by the Reserve Bank of India to control the money supply and influence interest rates.
Government Budget and Fiscal Policy
Analyzing how the state collects revenue and allocates expenditure to achieve social and economic objectives.
Distinguishing between revenue and capital receipts and expenditures within the national budget.
Evaluating how taxation and spending can be used to reduce wealth inequality.
Development Experience of India (1947 to 1990)
Investigating the state-led development model, the Five Year Plans, and the challenges of the post-independence era.
Assessing the state of the Indian economy at the time of independence and the impact of British economic policies.
Analyzing the technological and institutional changes that led to food self-sufficiency in India.
Economic Reforms Since 1991
Examining the transition from a protected economy to a market-oriented one through Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG).
Understanding the Balance of Payments crisis that forced structural changes in the Indian economy.
Evaluating the integration of the Indian economy with the global market and the rise of the services sector.
Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy
Analyzing contemporary issues such as poverty, human capital formation, and sustainable development.
Exploring the link between education, health, and economic productivity in a populous nation.
Assessing the impact of economic growth on natural resources and the necessity of sustainable practices.